I am glad to hear your dog is back to normal so quickly. To answer your questions, yes, dogs can get bladder infections. My previous dog experienced them as she got older. In her case the symptoms were noticeable. She would suddenly need to urinated frequently. In fact, she would sometimes need to go outside every 5 to 10 minutes. However, little to no urine would come out. It was disturbing to watch. She was so uncomfortable.
I have heard there is such a thing as a silent UTI. This means that the dog might not really show symptoms. I would suggest if you see anything abnormal again, a veterinary visit might be in order or at least a discussion about the issue.
Beyond that, I would watch water intake. Your dog's strange day may be do to drinking too much. I have had this problem with my Jack Russell in the past. When she gets excited, like when we have visitors, she drinks too much. Her little bladder can only hold so much. In her case it is behavioral. It could be a sign of a different type of medical issue, so it's worth making note of.
